Constitutional Law I is a foundational course that introduces undergraduate law students to the theory, doctrine, and practice of constitutional law in India. This is the first of two core courses on constitutional law that the B.A. LL.B (Hons.) cohort must complete. This course first provides an introduction to constitutions and constitutional theory, as well as to the making of India’s Constitution. It then focuses on the structures of constitutional governance in the Indian Constitution. Through the concept of Separation of Powers, the course explores the horizontal division of institutional power between the Executive, the Legislature, the Judiciary, and Fourth Branch institutions. Thereafter, through the concepts of Federalism and Decentralisation, the course examines the vertical division of institutional power between the Centre, the States, and local government institutions.

A subsequent course – Constitutional Law II – will cover the provisions relating to Citizenship (Part II), Fundamental Rights (Part III), Directive Principles (Part IV), Fundamental Duties (Part IVA), as well as the role of the judiciary, among other topics.

Constitutional Law I provides a critical look at the development of constitutional law, and the bearing that these developments have on some of the biggest political questions of our times. Recognizing that constitutional developments are not inevitable but contingent and context-driven, the course seeks to understand what constitutional choices were available to constitutional decision-makers, what choices were made and why, which choices were discarded (and why), with what effect, and how these choices impacted the distribution of power: who benefits, who is empowered, who is disempowered, by the particular formulation of constitutional text and doctrines. Broadly speaking, the course adopts a ‘law and society’/contextual approach to legal issues, alongside a focus on constitutional text and doctrines. The course also examines the history of constitutional thought and practice, dating back to the colonial era, and explores the ways in which these concepts and institutions have evolved across post-colonial India’s landscape.

Through these explorations, students will come to understand that constitutions of deeply divided societies like India are always ‘works in progress’ and their dynamism is their main driving force. The Constitution is also incomplete in other ways: instead of going for permanent solutions on all issues, the framers deferred some decisions for posterity. Carrying forward the task of filling these gaps in the Constitution and addressing silences requires lawmakers, judges, lawyers, and citizens alike to understand and engage with the founding principles and bases for our constitutional design. This is the central aim of the course.